Temple of St Nicholas
Košice

The Temple of St Nicholas, known locally as Kostol svätého Mikuláša, is a captivating example of wooden ecclesiastical architecture nestled in the heart of Košice, Slovakia. This enchanting structure, originally from the village of Kožuchovce, now graces the grounds of the Eastern Slovak Museum, offering visitors a glimpse into the region's rich cultural and religious heritage.

The History of the Temple of St Nicholas

The Temple of St Nicholas was completed in 1741 and dedicated to St Nicholas, the Bishop. Constructed from sturdy fir wood, the church's log structure is a testament to the craftsmanship of the era. The seams of the building are sealed with flax tow, a traditional method that adds to the rustic charm of this sacred space. Inside, the intricately carved elements of the iconostasis are crafted from linden wood, showcasing the skill of local artisans.

By the early 20th century, the wooden church had fallen into disrepair and was no longer in use. A new masonry church was under construction, and most of the valuable items were moved to the new location. However, the iconostasis and attached icons remained in the original church. Facing potential demolition, the church was saved by the intervention of the Monument Protection Department. In 1927, the director of the Eastern Slovak Museum, Dr. Josef Pollák, arranged for its relocation to Košice, ensuring its preservation for future generations.

Relocation and Restoration

The relocation process was meticulous. Each piece of the church was carefully dismantled, numbered, and documented to ensure accurate reconstruction. The wooden elements were transported to Košice, where they were reassembled on a prepared stone base behind the museum's historic building. Damaged parts were replaced with new wood, and the original shingle roof was restored following the traditional design. The interior paintings, damaged over time, were restored by František Ženíšek Jr., and the iconostasis was reassembled with additional icons and a cross.

Completed on August 12, 1928, the relocated Temple of St Nicholas was opened to the public during the Ethnographic Day celebrations at the museum. Although the church's orientation was altered due to space constraints, it remains a cherished exhibit and was listed as a national cultural monument of Slovakia in 1963.

Exploring the Temple's Architecture and Art

The Temple of St Nicholas is divided into three distinct sections: the sanctuary, the nave, and the narthex, each crowned with a dome. These domes, with their slightly onion-shaped design, are topped with wrought iron crosses, adding to the church's picturesque silhouette. The sanctuary, oriented southeast, houses the altar and is separated from the nave by the iconostasis. The nave features two windows on the southern side, while the entrance is through the western narthex, known as the babinec.

The interior is modestly furnished, with a painted bench and other artifacts from the Eastern Slovak region. The church's decorative scheme is a feast for the eyes, with the northern wall adorned with an elaborate Last Judgment scene. This includes depictions of Christ, flanked by the Virgin Mary and St John, angels with saved souls, and devils with sinners, all framed by intricate plant motifs.

The Iconostasis and Interior Paintings

The iconostasis on the eastern wall is a masterpiece in itself, featuring medallions of the Mother of God with Child and various saints. The upper tier is filled with the figures of the twelve apostles, centered around Christ. Above the iconostasis, the dome depicts the scene of Calvary, complemented by angels and floral festoons. These paintings, dating back to 1785, are a testament to the artistic prowess of the time.

Elsewhere in the church, murals depict scenes from the Old Testament, including Adam and Eve in paradise and their subsequent expulsion. The northwest corner features a small scene from the Parable of the Prodigal Son, set in a Baroque garden.

The Bell Tower and Gate

In addition to the church, the museum grounds also host a wooden bell tower from Mineraľnoje in Ukraine and a carved gate from Moldava nad Bodvou, though the latter was removed in 2013. A carillon was added during the latest restoration, enhancing the site's allure.

The Temple of St Nicholas stands as a testament to the enduring beauty of traditional wooden architecture and the rich spiritual heritage of Slovakia. Its intricate artistry and historical significance make it a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring the cultural tapestry of Košice.